6. Acknowledgements

The authors thank all those who supported this work, in particular all course-takers and trainers.

7. References

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics Raw results
MEN COURSE-TAKERS CONTROLS a
p-value course-takers
vs controls
n=762 n=655
Age n % n % ***
18-24 years old 147 19 64 10
25-34 years old 228 30 119 18
35-44 years old 174 23 131 20
45-59 years and over 160 21 197 30
60 years old or more 53 7 146 22
Family situation         ***
Single 297 39 144 22  
Living as part of couple 391 51 448 69  
Widowed or separated 71 9 62 9  
Number of brothers and sisters         ***
0 92 12 83 13  
1-2 369 48 380 58  
3 and over 301 40 200 29  
Educational level         ***
Primary. Craft certificate 353 47 249 39
Baccalaureate level 143 19 108 17
Further educational level 253 34 288 45
Occupation         ***
Self-employed 223 29 96 15
Executive 123 43 121 18
Worker employee 322 16 235 36
not in work including students 88 12 204 31
Occupation among those in work         ***
Self-employed 223 33 96 21
Executive 123 18 121 27
Worker employee 322 48 235 52
 
WOMEN n=91 n=506  
Age n % n % ***
18-24 years old 18 20 46 9
25-34 years old 17 19 94 19
35-44 years old 27 30 104 21
45-59 years and over 20 22 144 29
60 years old or more 9 10 115 23
Family situation         ***
Single 32 35 93 18
Living as part of couple 40 44 319 64
Widowed or separated 19 21 90 18
Number of brothers and sisters         ns
0 12 13 53 10  
1-2 48 53 281 56  
3 and over 31 34 169 34  
Educational level         ns
Primary. Craft certificate 24 27 189 38
Baccalaureate level 18 20 81 16
Further educational level 48 53 229 46
Occupation         ***
Self-employed 20 22 51 10.2
Executive 22 24 74 14.7
Worker employee 29 32 184 36.7
not in work including students 19 21 192 38.3
Occupation among those in work         **
Self-employed 20 28 51 17
Executive 22 31 74 24
Worker employee 29 41 184 60

a Age-corrected numbers for each gender

ns = non significant (p>.05),* p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

Table 2: Mileage and time on the Road Raw results
MEN COURSE-TAKERS n=762 CONTROLS a
n=655 		p-value course-takers
vs controls
Annual mileage for personal reasons (1000 km)


8,7
24,1
34,5


6,6
20,8
50,2		 ***
Not applicable or nonresponses (%)
Mean
Standard deviation
Annual mileage for professional reasons (1000 km)        
***
***
Not applicable or nonresponses (%) 27,7
45,3
50,5		 50.0
23.0
24.7
Mean
Standard deviation
Daily time spent on the road per minutes        
**
Average 200,0
185,0
60,0
150,0
240,0		 145,0
165,0
45,0
110,0
180,0
Standard deviation
1st quartile
Median
3rd quartile

WOMEN
n=91
n=506 		 
Annual mileage for personal reasons (1000 km)

26,4
19.9
14.1

17,0
17,3
37,4
***
***
Not applicable or nonresponses (%)
Mean
Standard deviation
Annual mileage for professional reasons (1000 km)        
*
***
Not applicable or nonresponses (%) 62,6
42,3
38,3		 73,5
12,2
15,0
Mean
Standard deviation
Daily time spent on the road per minutes        
***
Average 145,0
165,0
45,0
110,0
180,0		 60,0
75,0
15,0
45,0
60,0
Standard deviation
1st quartile
Median
3rd quartile

a Age-corrected numbers for each gender

ns = non significant (p>.05), * p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

Table 3: Transport characteristics Raw results
MEN COURSE-TAKERS n=762
n %		 CONTROLS a
n=655

n %		 p-value course-takers
vs controls		  
<12 points left on licence 762 100 173 26 ***  
Negative remaining points 110 14        
Zero remaining points 83 11        
Between 1 and 3 remaining points 331 44        
four remaining points ore more 236 31 647 99    
Already taken more than one course 64 8 0 0 ***  
Third-party insurance 488 65 481 75 ***  
Insurance surcharge 26 3 14 2 ns  
No-claims bonus 546 72 526 80 ***  
Owner of vehicle 563 74 545 83 ***  
Power of vehicle (20 nr)         ***  
low power 270 36 268 41    
powerful 389 51 348 53    
very powerful 98 13 34 5    
Consider they are more at risk of losing their licence than having an accident
350
48
132
21
***		  
Most frequently drive         ***  
On my own 637 84 451 69    
With children 10 1 29 4    
With partner 40 5 128 19    
With friends 36 5 23 4    
Self- evaluation on the road         ns  
More dangerous than others 15 2 4 1    
Neither more nor less dangerous than others 561 74 479 74    
Less dangerous than others 179 23 167 26    
What p roportion of violations do you think result in charges         ***  
1 in 2 141 18 42 6    
1 in 10 341 45 230 35    
1 in 100 207 27 240 37    
1 in 1000 53 7 124 19    
Opinion of how frequently other drivers comply with speed limits         ns  
Never/rarely 161 21 141 22    
Sometimes 313 42 242 38    
Often 250 33 234 36    
Very often/always 26 3 25 4    
Mental representation of vehicle         ***  
Means of transport/material possession- prestige 527 73 526 84    
Extension of office 196 27 103 16    
People describe your driving as:         ***  
calm conventional 515 69 541 82    
sporty 231 31 99 15    
Accident in the last 5 years         **  
damage + injury accident 330 43 234 36    
Number of damage only accidents         ***  
none 429 56 420 64    
one or two 276 36 218 33    
three and over 55 7 19 3    
Personal injury accidents 90 12 45 7 ***  
Close relation involved in an injury accident 245 32 160 24 **  
Violation score         ***  
0-6 (last quartile of entire sample) 474 62 522 79    
> 6 288 38 135 21    

WOMEN
n=91
n=506 		   
<12 points left on licence 91 100 55 11 ***
Negative remaining points 6 7      
Zero remaining points 11 12      
Between 1 and 3 remaining points 41 45      
four remaining points ore more 33 36 501 99 ***
Already taken more than one course 1 1 0 0 ns
Third-party insurance 58 64 377 77 **
Insurance surcharge 2 2 5 1 ns
No- claims bonus 53 58 390 78 ***
Owner of vehicle 68 75 368 73 ns
Power of vehicle (20 nr)         **
low power 36 40 278 56  
powerful 47 52 200 40
very powerful 7 8 18 4  
Consider they are more at risk of losing their licence than having an accident 40 45 64 13 ***
Most frequently drive         ***
On my own 71 78 320 64  
With children 6 7 89 18  
With partner 3 3 66 13  
With friends 2 2 8 1  
Self-esteem on the road         ns
More dangerous than others 5 5 8 2  
Neither more nor less dangerous than others 71 78 385 77  
Less dangerous than others 15 16 104 21  
Proportion of violations which result in charges         ***
1 in 2 18 20 33 7  
1 in 10 36 39 178 35  
1 in 100 20 22 201 40  
1 in 1000 7 8 56 11  
Opinion of how frequently other drivers comply with speed limits         ns
Never/rarely 26 29 132 26  
Sometimes 35 39 197 39  
Often 25 28 158 32  
Very often/always 3 3 12 2  
Mental r epresentation of vehicle         ***
Means of transport/material possession- prestige 66 80 460 94  
Extension of office 16 20 30 6  
People describe your driving as:         ***
calm conventional 59 66 441 88  
sporty 30 34 60 12  
At least one a ccident in the last 5 years         ns
damage + injury accident 33 36 154 31  
Number of damage only accidents         ns
none 64 70 357 71  
one or two 23 25 140 28  
three and over 4 4 6 1 ns
At least one personal injury accident (5 years) 6 7 19 4 ns
Close relation involved in an injury accident 25 28 109 22 ns
Violation score         ***
0-6 (last quartile of entire sample) 62 68 451 90  
> 6 29 32 51 10  

a Age-corrected numbers for each gender

ns = non significant (p>.05), * p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

Table 4: Lifestyle Raw results
MEN COURSE-TAKERS
n=762
n %		 CONTROLS a
n=655
n %		 p-value course-takers
vs controls
Not taking care of their health 138 18 100 16 ns
No annual check up 414 55 328 51 ns
Not smoking 380 50 467 72 ***
Not drinking alcohol and driving 375 50 351 54 ns
Best description of their leisure pursuits         ***
Never take risks 113 15 107 17  
Willing to take a calculated risk 489 65 475 74  
Like to take risks 151 20 62 10  
Not happy 108 14 56 8 **
External locus of control 455 62 318 51 ***
 
WOMEN n=91 n=506  
Not taking care of their health 6 7 47 10 ns
No annual check up 39 45 268 55 ns
Not smoking 55 63 394 78 ***
Not drinking alcohol and driving 56 63 379 76 **
Best description of their leisure pursuits         ***
Never take risks 13 15 153 31  
Willing to take a calculated risk 58 65 317 64  
Like to take risks 18 20 23 5  
Not happy 8 9 36 7 ns
External locus of control 55 63 261 54 ns
Table 5: Personality profile characteristics Raw results
MEN COURSE-TAKERS n=762 CONTROLS a

n=655		 p-value course-takers
vs controls
Neuroticism score n % n %  
score > 7 523 68,7% 424 64,8% ns
Average 10,0
4,7
6,0
10,0
13,0		 9,5
4,6
6,0
9,0
13,0		 *
Standard deviation  
1st quartile  
Median  
3rd quartile  
Lying score          
score > 4 94 12,4 67 10,3 ns
Average 2,6
1,6
1,0
2,0
4,0		 2,6
1,6
1,0
3,0
4,0		 ns
Standard deviation  
1st quartile  
Median  
3rd quartile  
Extroversion score          
score > 7 728 95,6 601 91,8 ***
Average 13,5
3,7
11,0
14,0
16,0		 13,1
3,8
11,0
13,0
16,0		 *
Standard deviation  
1st quartile  
Median  
3rd quartile  
Table 6 : Risk factors of course taking for each gender Multivariate analysis
WOMEN n=91 n= 506  
Neuroticism score n   n    
score > 7 66 72,2 386 76,2 ns
Average 10.3
4,2
7,0
10,0
13,0		 10.8
4,2
8,0
11,0
14,0		 ns
Standard deviation  
1st quartile  
Median  
3rd quartile  
Lying score          
score > 4 12 13,3 89 17,6 ns
Average 2,7
1,5
2,0
2,5
4,0		 2,9
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0		 ns
Standard deviation  
1st quartile  
Median  
3rd quartile  
Extroversion score          
score > 7 87 95,6 482 95,2 ns
Average 13,6
3,6
12,0
14,0
16,0		 12,8
3,4
9,0
11,0
13,0		 ns
Standard deviation  
1st quartile  
Median  
3rd quartile  
Table 6 : Risk factors of course taking for each gender Multivariate analysis
  MEN WOMEN
        OR* IC 95% p-value OR* IC 95% p-value
Age     <.0001      
60 years and over 1        
45-59 years old 0.43 0.24-0.78      
35-44 years old 0.77 0.42-1.41      
25-34 years old 1.3 0.72-2.35      
18-24 years old 2.55 1.40-4.66      
Occupation     <.0001      
Self-employed 5.48 3.21-9.32      
Executives 3.27 1.90-5.62      
Worker employee 2.25 1.41-3.58      
Not in work 1        
Number of brothers and sisters          
0 1.66 1.06-2.61 .0002      
1-2 1        
3 and over 1.86 1.37-2.51      
Daily time spent on the road per minutes            <.0001
< 30 1     1    
< 60 0.76 0.48-1.22 <.0001 0.75 0.32-1.75  
< 90 0.63 0.35-1.14 0.99 0.31-3.18  
>= 90 2.34 1.51-3.62 3.93 1.75-8.84  
Most frequently drive         .03
Children 1   1    
Partner 1.43 0.52-3.95 0.62 0.12-3.24  
Friends 2.8 0.91-8.56 3.6 0.29-43.66  
On my own 2.9 1.15-7.30 2.95 1.06-8.18  
Consider they are more at risk of losing their licence than having an accident         <.0001
Having an accident 1   <.0001 1    
Losing one’s licence 2.47 1.84-3.30 3.47 1.89-6.38  
Proportion of violations they think result in charges            
1 to 1 000 1   <.0001      
1 to 100 1.74 1.11-2.74      
1 to 10 3.1 1.99-4.82      
1 to 2 6.87 3.85-12.25      
Mental representation of vehicle           .006 
Means of transport and other      
 		 1    
Extension of office     3.08 1.37-6.90  
Best describes their leisure pursuits           .02
Never take risks       1    
Willing to take risks       1.25 0.60-2.59
Enjoy taking risks       3.86 1.38-10.78
Smoking            
Yes 1.57 1.18-2.08 .002      
No 1          

*also taking into account:

For both genders Age, occupation, family situation, insurance surcharge, power of vehicle, consider they are more at risk of losing their licence than having an accident, daily time spent on the road, mental representation of their vehicle, damage and injury accident, smoking, leisure pursuits, violation score, who do they transport the most frequently, ratio charges/ violation

For men :Insurance type, owner of vehicle, close relation involved in an injury accident, happiness, number of brothers and sisters, have been returned from a school.

For women : Style of driving, drinking alcohol and driving.